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Active Cathodic Protection

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathodic_protection

Definitions

Electrode  A substance that is a good conductor of electricity. An electrode acts as a metallic contact through which the current enters and leaves an electrolyte.
Anode An electrode where oxidation occurs. In this context, it is a metallic structure that discharges DC current. Usually made of magnesium or zinc. Also known as sacrificial anode. 
Cathode An electrode where reduction occurs. In this context, it is the structure that needs to be protected from corrosion.
Electrolyte A solution that contains salts and minerals. This medium is electrically conductive (sea water, for example). These are made up of  atoms and ions can either gain or lose electrons. Electrolytes are also called ionic solutions.
Oxidation

A chemical reaction where an electrode loses electrons during the reaction. This results in loss of electrons, gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen.
Reduction

A chemical reaction where an electrode gains electrons. This results in gain of electrons, loss of oxygen or gain or hydrogen. 

Redox 

(also known as

oxidation-reduction)

A chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two metals. An oxidation-reduction reaction is any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron. 

Corrosion

Corrosion of metal is a redox reaction in which a metal is oxidized naturally to its ions, resulting in partial or complete destruction of the metal.

Rust

 Rust is an iron oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water and/or air moisture. 

Cathodic Protection (CP)

Cathodic Protection is a an electro-chemical process where DC current is applied to a metallic structure (made of iron or iron alloys) to stop it from corroding. 

Consider an iron or steel rod submerged in water. Without cathodic protection, the rod begins to corrode or rust over time. When submerged in an electrolyte, sea water, for example, the rod acts as an electrode that is both a cathode and an anode. Parts of the rod act as cathode (called cathodic site) and some other parts, as an anode (anodic site). Once the protective paint on the surface of the rod wears away, corrosion begins and this results in formation of rust. 

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 To implement cathodic protection, introduce an anode in the vicinity of the structure that needs to be protected. This anode needs to discharge electrical current (about 800 millivolts) to the structure. The exact voltage needs to be calculated on the salinity of the water around the rod and the distance between the anode and cathode.

 

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Cathodic Protection cannot restore iron or steel that is already corroded. It can slow down or stop further corrosion of the structure.

Types of Cathode Protection

There are 2 types of cathode protection. 

Galvanic Cathode Protection

Anodes connected to the structure have more negative ions than the structure. When connected, current naturally moves to the cathode. This does not need an external power source. These anodes are made from metals like magnesium, zinc, aluminum and other alloys. These are usually referred to as sacrificial nodes.

Impressed Current Cathode Protection

In some applications, anodes need extra negative ions to reach the cathode (structure). This can be achieved by adding an external DC source that can generate a larger potential difference to power the circuit. This allows more current to flow from the anode to the cathode.

The following is an illustration of how cathodic protection can be visualized for sea pods.

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This project is being developed as an open-source project with the following licensing:

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